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Guaranteed Annual Income
Guaranteed Annual Income in Canada, refers to various proposals discussed in Canada since the 1970s, to implement guaranteed minimum income or basic income; herein referred to as NIT (for negative income tax) and UD (for Universal Demogrant) respectively.
==Models==
The first model encompassed under the GAI is the Negative income tax (NIT). Negative Income Tax works on the assumption that families who earn below the low-income threshold should receive aid in the form of direct grants, rather than paying taxes. This allows a family unit to use resources as it best sees fit rather than being constrained by the traditional income assistance programs. Experiments utilizing the Negative Income Tax model have been completed in the United States in the late 1960s through the early 1970s.
The NIT model was also tested in Canada in the 1970s in Manitoba; it was called the Mincome experiment. It allowed every family unit to receive a minimum cash benefit, with every dollar over the benefit amount taxed at 60%. The results showed a modest impact on labor markets, with family working hours decreasing 5%. These potential economic costs can be offset by the opportunity cost of more time for family and education. Mothers spent more time rearing newborns, and the educational impacts are regarded as a success. Students in these families showed higher test scores and lower dropout rates. There was also an increase in adults continuing education.〔Salkind, N.J. & Haskins, R. (1982). Negative income tax: The impact on children from low-income families. ''Journal of Family Issues, 3,'' 165-180.〕〔http://public.econ.duke.edu/~erw/197/forget-cea%20%282%29.pdf〕
The second model that falls under the Guaranteed Annual Income concept is the Unconditional Basic Income also known as the universal demogrant (UD) model. This is a payment to all persons regardless of income. It is usually favored by those who see the GAI as a right of citizenship and whose purpose is to eliminate poverty through the basic income and lead to more equal sharing of the economic benefits of society.〔http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/ssrgai.htm#NIT〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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